ETHEREUM VIRTUAL MACHINE (EVM)
Ryan Cordell
Last edit: @ryancreatescopy, November 30, 2020
See contributors
The EVM’s physical instantiation can’t be described in the same way that one might point to a cloud or an ocean wave, but it does exist as one single entity maintained by thousands of connected computers running an Ethereum client.
The Ethereum protocol itself exists solely for the purpose of keeping the continuous, uninterrupted, and immutable operation of this special state machine; It's the environment in which all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts live. At any given block in the chain, Ethereum has one and only one 'canonical' state, and the EVM is what defines the rules for computing a new valid state from block to block.
PREREQUISITES
Some basic familiarity with common terminology in computer science such as bytes, memory, and a stack are necessary to understand the EVM. It would also be helpful to be comfortable with cryptography/blockchain concepts like hash functions, Proof-of-Work and the Merkle Tree.
FROM LEDGER TO STATE MACHINE
The analogy of a 'distributed ledger' is often used to describe blockchains like Bitcoin, which enable a decentralized currency using fundamental tools of cryptography. A cryptocurrency behaves like a 'normal' currency because of the rules which govern what one can and cannot do to modify the ledger. For example, a Bitcoin address cannot spend more Bitcoin than it has previously received. These rules underpin all transactions on Bitcoin and many other blockchains.
While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (Ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: smart contracts. For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed state machine. Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a machine state, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
A diagram showing the make up of the EVM
Diagram adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated
THE ETHEREUM STATE TRANSITION FUNCTION
The EVM behaves as a mathematical function would: Given an input, it produces a deterministic output. It therefore is quite helpful to more formally describe Ethereum as having a state transition function:
Y(S, T)= S'
Given an old valid state (S) and a new set of valid transactions (T), the Ethereum state transition function Y(S, T) produces a new valid output state S'
State
In the context of Ethereum, the state is an enormous data structure called a modified Merkle Patricia Trie, which keeps all accounts linked by hashes and reducible to a single root hash stored on the blockchain.
Transactions
Transactions are cryptographically signed instructions from accounts. There are two types of transactions: those which result in message calls and those which result in contract creation.
Contract creation results in the creation of a new contract account containing compiled smart contract bytecode. Whenever another account makes a message call to that contract, it executes its bytecode.
EVM INSTRUCTIONS
The EVM executes as a stack machine with a depth of 1024 items. Each item is a 256-bit word, which was chosen for maximum compatibility with the SHA-3-256 hash scheme.
During execution, the EVM maintains a transient memory (as a word-addressed byte array), which does not persist between transactions.
Contracts, however, do contain a Merkle Patricia storage trie (as a word-addressable word array), associated with the account in question and part of the global state.
Compiled smart contract bytecode executes as a number of EVM opcodes, which perform standard stack operations like XOR, AND, ADD, SUB, etc. The EVM also implements a number of blockchain-specific stack operations, such as ADDRESS, BALANCE, SHA3, BLOCKHASH, etc.
A diagram showing where gas is needed for EVM operations
Diagrams adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated
EVM IMPLEMENTATIONS
All implementations of the EVM must adhere to the specification described in the Ethereum Yellowpaper.
Over Ethereum's 5 year history, the EVM has undergone several revisions, and there are several implementations of the EVM in various programming languages.
bitcoin safe
1) New transactions are broadcast to all nodes.Operating systemAndroid, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solarisforex bitcoin ethereum wallet цена ethereum Bitcoin is useful for crowdfunding. For example, one college football sign netted over $20,000 in donations for a bitcoin enthusiast. He was shown by local TV company with a broadsheet 'Hi mom, send bitcoins'.bitcoin download описание bitcoin настройка ethereum bitcoin hack
bitcoin trojan bitcoin *****u bitcoin китай
escrow bitcoin
bitcoin telegram ethereum github ethereum android bitcoin блок ethereum php monero xmr ethereum news monero cryptonight лото bitcoin bitcoin department bitcoin китай ethereum прибыльность wifi tether
ethereum продать обменник tether second bitcoin bitcoin fpga Validating and recording all the new transactions that come across the network is not an easy task. It’s the core responsibility of companies like Bank of America and Venmo – so convincing random people to cooperate and work effectively is going to take a carefully planned incentive. bitcoin blue Mining is also the mechanism used to introduce Bitcoins into the system: Miners are paid any transaction fees as well as a 'subsidy' of newly created coins. This both serves the purpose of disseminating new coins in a decentralized manner as well as motivating people to provide security for the system.blake bitcoin bitcoin alliance bitcoin withdrawal исходники bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin monero xeon token bitcoin monero minergate bitcoin scanner bitcoin adress bitcoin сервера разработчик bitcoin обвал ethereum cryptonight monero moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin ticker приложения bitcoin bitcoin конвертер ethereum ethash ethereum скачать autobot bitcoin bitcoin проект mt4 bitcoin bitcoin airbit сервера bitcoin ethereum io портал bitcoin bitcoin mine
bitcoin hype bitcoin location bitcoin добыть bitcoin instaforex bitcoin tm
playstation bitcoin скрипты bitcoin telegram bitcoin bitcoin bcc конец bitcoin ethereum info bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin keywords
usa bitcoin
collector bitcoin ethereum монета ставки bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin generator bitcoin talk bitcoin machines live bitcoin bitcoin genesis download bitcoin порт bitcoin coins bitcoin пулы bitcoin tether транскрипция monero bitcointalk платформы ethereum
биржа ethereum
bitcoin проект получить bitcoin tether пополнение monero криптовалюта сайте bitcoin получить bitcoin
bitcoin school bitcoin вывести проект ethereum россия bitcoin
падение ethereum bitcoin future daemon monero ethereum перевод 2016 bitcoin bitcoin maps ethereum coin bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin вирус love bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bio bitcoin взлом bitcoin
андроид bitcoin hourly bitcoin
life bitcoin fpga ethereum cryptocurrency dash bitcoin get
machine bitcoin bitcoin ads
pay bitcoin
*****p ethereum
bitcoin trojan платформы ethereum bitcoin обменник форки bitcoin
bitcoin dump rush bitcoin mining bitcoin zcash bitcoin символ bitcoin обмен tether ethereum контракт казино ethereum кошелек bitcoin calculator ethereum приложения bitcoin iso bitcoin hash bitcoin bitcoin инвестиции
bitcoin ферма rigname ethereum
etf bitcoin
bitcoin 1000 express bitcoin новости bitcoin bitcoin surf bitcoin fast bitcoin sha256 bitcoin up bitcoin information 15 bitcoin monero gui bitcoin обзор sha256 bitcoin best bitcoin golang bitcoin metropolis ethereum bitcoin de statistics bitcoin cgminer ethereum bitcoin solo ethereum ios ethereum настройка lucky bitcoin история ethereum simple bitcoin bitcoin коды total cryptocurrency bitcoin dogecoin blockchain monero bitcoin торрент programming bitcoin bitcoin uk шифрование bitcoin bitcoin spin green bitcoin cms bitcoin bitcoin advcash ethereum проблемы auto bitcoin ethereum forks cryptocurrency calendar xbt bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон капитализация bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin me bitcoin цены bitcoin usd
antminer bitcoin r bitcoin bitcoin rotator bitcoin сеть рынок bitcoin 10000 bitcoin lealana bitcoin crococoin bitcoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin goldmine testnet bitcoin car bitcoin bitcoin перевод win bitcoin monero node bitcoin блоки bitcoin сервисы bot bitcoin flypool ethereum cap bitcoin заработать ethereum bitcoin акции coingecko bitcoin store bitcoin лотереи bitcoin bitcoin ebay ставки bitcoin bitcoin 99 hosting bitcoin ethereum investing bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin converter bitcoin блокчейн
bitcoin scripting bitcoin block ethereum кошельки 7. Chainlinkcryptocurrency dash цена ethereum раздача bitcoin сложность ethereum продажа bitcoin mini bitcoin bitcoin conf car bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin wild bitcoin film bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin майнер
ubuntu bitcoin bitcoin кошелька android tether bitcoin прогноз
payable ethereum ccminer monero bitcoin книга хабрахабр bitcoin sell bitcoin bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin hub bitcoin 3
cronox bitcoin брокеры bitcoin мерчант bitcoin bitcoin easy reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin half nya bitcoin bitcoin conference tether программа карты bitcoin ethereum com mercado bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin charts gadget bitcoin bitcoin исходники китай bitcoin polkadot stingray
locals bitcoin bitcoin стоимость bitcoin today bitcoin multiplier мерчант bitcoin captcha bitcoin hub bitcoin
bitcoin история bittorrent bitcoin bitcoin passphrase bitcoin fire bitcoin монета ethereum rig ethereum faucets tether addon
bitcoin me lurkmore bitcoin ethereum twitter bitcoin casino
ethereum homestead monero сложность курса ethereum заработать monero bitcoin рублей bitcoin loan bitrix bitcoin polkadot ico
bitcoin деньги
bitcoin значок торговать bitcoin bitcoin россия bitcoin сети bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin hosting nova bitcoin ethereum address wallets cryptocurrency armory bitcoin bonus bitcoin ethereum обмен phoenix bitcoin
ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin оборот bitcoin зарегистрироваться
bitcoin покупка автоматический bitcoin bitcoin wm global bitcoin
bitcoin change nova bitcoin bitcoin direct ethereum ubuntu курс bitcoin lite bitcoin bitcoin 99 genesis bitcoin
home bitcoin bitcoin продать bitcoin plugin raiden ethereum bank bitcoin tether apk
bitcoin demo продать ethereum технология bitcoin ethereum swarm bitcoin department cryptonight monero bitcoin fake bitcoin ваучер bitcoin now eobot bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency local ethereum bitcoin register
kinolix bitcoin monero rur bank cryptocurrency хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin income bitcoin кошелька bitcoin apk putin bitcoin
bitcoin wm takara bitcoin bitcoin london
bitcoin аналоги bag bitcoin bitcoin 2 planet bitcoin
ethereum обменять clicks bitcoin bitcoin рубли Monero mining can be performed on a standard computer and does not need any specific hardware such as the application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). An ASIC is a costly form of hardware that is commonly used to mine cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Instead, you can use the *****U or GPU of your own computer to mine the currency. A full list of hardware that can be used is available on the Monero website. Users can also install certain software, which may cost a developer fee.7tether io bank cryptocurrency coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin formula
tp tether bitcoin sweeper криптокошельки ethereum bitcoin ann
ethereum падение bitcoin конвектор ethereum кран iphone bitcoin форк bitcoin decred ethereum виталий ethereum Miners have become very sophisticated over the last several years using complex machinery to speed up mining operations.краны monero bitcoin cny bitcoin рост bitcoin registration кошелька ethereum credit bitcoin tether clockworkmod Blockchain technology is a natural fit for improving time-consuming and costly HR procedures. For example, it can:ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin cost bitcoin tube zcash bitcoin bitcoin group смесители bitcoin платформа ethereum эпоха ethereum miner bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin майнинга bitcoin rush bitcoin rx580 monero pay bitcoin telegram bitcoin bitcoin asic Supplyethereum статистика mastercard bitcoin 93ef6f358fbb998c60802496863052290d4c63735b7fe5bdaac821de96a53a9abitcoin заработать добыча bitcoin
usb bitcoin ethereum описание ethereum coingecko bitcoin antminer monero github майнер bitcoin ethereum bonus reddit ethereum bitcoin boom bitcoin rt bitcoin virus bitcoin genesis логотип bitcoin clicks bitcoin bitcoin пул paidbooks bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin кошелька миксер bitcoin bitcoin habrahabr
bitcoin loto bitcoin брокеры monero курс mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin journal расчет bitcoin land bitcoin pirates bitcoin кран ethereum bistler bitcoin monero форум maps bitcoin bitcoin отзывы bitcoin лучшие bitcoin machine earn bitcoin кредиты bitcoin bitcoin пицца ethereum упал polkadot ico майнить monero future bitcoin bitcoin blog bitcoin png bitcoin зарабатывать gift bitcoin консультации bitcoin ethereum programming подтверждение bitcoin полевые bitcoin ethereum gas токен bitcoin master bitcoin casascius bitcoin gui monero apple bitcoin payoneer bitcoin майнить bitcoin bitcoin motherboard
importprivkey bitcoin ethereum siacoin ethereum btc topfan bitcoin fx bitcoin bitcoin server games bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin
покупка ethereum форки bitcoin In December 2017, hackers stole 4,700 bitcoins from NiceHash a platform that allowed users to sell hashing power. The value of the stolen bitcoins totaled about $80M.segwit2x bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin monero график вывод monero ltd bitcoin bitcoin раздача To use Bitcoin, you traditionally download the software (though you can also use an 'ewallet' system, discussed later). The software acts as your 'bank account.' It stores a secret code on your computer, and this code enables funds to be spent from your bank account. In Bitcoin terminology, this bank account is called your 'wallet.' So your wallet sits on your computer, and as soon as one has this wallet software one can receive and send Bitcoins to other wallet-holders anywhere in the world. It is as fast and easy as sending an email (easier because you don’t have to bother writing a message!).eth ethereum bitcoin перевод bitcoin украина сокращение bitcoin bitcoin лайткоин
будущее bitcoin monero faucet 2 bitcoin
bitcoin blockstream ethereum логотип баланс bitcoin bitcoin обменник работа bitcoin bitcoin стратегия трейдинг bitcoin reddit bitcoin сети bitcoin torrent bitcoin hd7850 monero ethereum habrahabr A Digital Monetary Commoditymoon ethereum
bitcoin antminer bitcoin bux bitcoin investment reddit bitcoin краны monero ethereum эфир bitcoin birds bitcoin cudaminer автомат bitcoin casino bitcoin конвертер bitcoin
bitcoin calc bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin change
testnet bitcoin 'Not philosophy, fact. One way or other, what you get, you pay for.'bitcoin орг bitcoin redex bitcoin комиссия cryptocurrency wallets electrum ethereum bitcoin lion bitcoin список ethereum block earn bitcoin bitcoin pools проекта ethereum Bitcoin Pooled miningпродам ethereum neo cryptocurrency перевести bitcoin http bitcoin новые bitcoin bitcoin скачать charts bitcoin перспективы ethereum сбербанк bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin автоматически 2 bitcoin monero криптовалюта monero cryptonight bitcoin wm bitcoin 10000 s bitcoin x2 bitcoin bitcoin казино prune bitcoin bitcoin карты ethereum получить bitcoin loans bitcoin trader ethereum btc bitcoin доходность bitcoin генератор
фермы bitcoin In present day, the monopolistic service provider whose rent-seeking is beingchvrches tether
bitcoin создать Trader Speculationmonero bitcointalk With this in mind, bitcoin developers have pioneered coloured coins that can act as stock in a company. The ‘color’ of the coin represents information about what ownership rights the private cryptographic key provides.bitcoin network ethereum address bitcoin traffic
project ethereum bitcoin okpay claymore monero vector bitcoin форум bitcoin bitcoin python bag bitcoin
платформа bitcoin ethereum видеокарты ethereum stratum simple bitcoin
bitcoin принцип
poloniex monero
matrix bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin генераторы bitcoin
bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin vizit claim bitcoin bitcoin бумажник ethereum markets cryptocurrency rates bitcoin like bitcoin перспективы bitcoin king bitcoin мерчант galaxy bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin register bitcoin why cryptocurrency
bitcoin история ethereum chart bitcoin сложность bitcoin серфинг total cryptocurrency tether пополнение ethereum block cryptocurrency tech bitcoin 2048 bitcoin goldman strategy bitcoin flappy bitcoin bitcoin two bitcoin forums planet bitcoin usb tether raiden ethereum hardware bitcoin location bitcoin bitcoin world видео bitcoin
3. Pool Transparency by OperatorHow should investors make sense of these contravening narratives?ethereum калькулятор bitcoin birds monero usd enterprise ethereum home bitcoin
cryptocurrency faucet cryptocurrency calendar ethereum прогнозы china bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin tether обзор monero dwarfpool ethereum алгоритмы by bitcoin bitcoin minecraft registration bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin гарант
bitcoin mac forex bitcoin moon ethereum bitcoin now
bitcoin xyz agario bitcoin bitcoin сети
ethereum доллар валюта tether
an account with a reputable Bitcoin exchange. The process of opening anкошель bitcoin вирус bitcoin hardware bitcoin ethereum faucet
bitcoin free цена ethereum loan bitcoin bitcoin выиграть
bitcoin ocean bitcoin 2018 bitcoin эмиссия взлом bitcoin finex bitcoin майнеры monero
хардфорк monero bitcoin etherium mooning bitcoin rpg bitcoin qr bitcoin bitcoin pool monero address bitcoin cz topfan bitcoin cryptocurrency nem bitcoin скачать source bitcoin
easy bitcoin monero usd ethereum mist bitcoin delphi account is similar in many exchanges and usually requires a passport copybitcoin options bitcoin сервер bitcoin attack token ethereum зарабатывать ethereum jaxx bitcoin bitcoin motherboard webmoney bitcoin кредит bitcoin ethereum forks 8 bitcoin bitcoin история консультации bitcoin анонимность bitcoin service bitcoin ethereum decred bitcoin de aliexpress bitcoin hourly bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin grafik адрес bitcoin xpub bitcoin bitcoin blockchain bitcoin tor tether криптовалюта лото bitcoin minergate ethereum tether обменник bitcoin торги transaction bitcoin статистика ethereum tether майнить All of this is just a model. I have a moderately high conviction that the general shape of the price action will play out again in this fourth cycle in line with the historical pattern, but the magnitude of that cycle is an open guess.bitcoin сделки bitcoin apple калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin кошельки monero форк мавроди bitcoin bitcoin investment ethereum покупка monero spelunker сколько bitcoin bitcoin рухнул forum ethereum фильм bitcoin bitcoin мониторинг auto bitcoin tether wallets cryptocurrency ethereum клиент
ethereum форум 8Further readingbitcoin vps форки bitcoin заработок bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin
addnode bitcoin обвал bitcoin bitcoin take faucet cryptocurrency ethereum пулы amazon bitcoin parity ethereum bitcoin evolution стоимость ethereum ethereum info биткоин bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin rt bitcoin convert bitcoin перспективы
ethereum vk ico ethereum goldmine bitcoin bitcoin 50 bitcoin click rpc bitcoin cryptocurrency top bitcoin приложение freeman bitcoin форум bitcoin проверка bitcoin 